These adjustments can involve changing the way one engages cognitive control, which refers to the goal‐directed regulation of attention, thoughts and actions. When an individual is making poor progress towards their goal, the large discrepancy between prediction and reality can be used to make the necessary adjustments for success. Performance monitoring can be conceptualized as a feedback loop that computes the deviation between the predicted outcome of an action and its actual implementation (Ullsperger, Danielmeier, & Jocham, 2014). To reach a goal, be it a score in a test or a time in a race, it is important to identify whether current performance is on track. These findings indicate that proactive control engagement in childhood can be effectively supported by encouraging performance monitoring. Critically, feedback estimation promoted online performance monitoring and proactive engagement of attention and inhibition during the flanker period in children. Both age groups accurately estimated their own feedback. Electroencephalography data were collected while children and adults performed a flanker task in three conditions in which they were provided no feedback, standard feedback, or were asked to estimate their own feedback. This study investigated whether encouraging children to actively monitor their performance results in more mature control engagement. Immature performance monitoring may contribute to suboptimal cognitive control engagement in childhood, potentially explaining why children engage control reactively even when proactive control would be more effective. Monitoring progression towards one's goals is essential for efficient cognitive control.
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